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<title>Obfuscation (software)</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Obfuscation (software)</span></span>

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</p><p>In <a href="Software_development" title="Software development">software development</a>, <b>obfuscation</b> is the practice of creating <a href="Source_code" title="Source code">source</a> or <a href="Machine_code" title="Machine code">machine code</a> that is intentionally difficult for humans or computers to understand. Similar to <a href="Obfuscation" title="Obfuscation">obfuscation</a> in <a href="Natural_language" title="Natural language">natural language</a>, code obfuscation may involve using unnecessarily roundabout ways to write statements. Programmers often obfuscate code to conceal its purpose, logic, or embedded values. The primary reasons for doing so are to prevent <a href="Anti-tamper_software" title="Anti-tamper software">tampering</a>, deter <a href="Reverse_engineering" title="Reverse engineering">reverse engineering</a>, or to create a <a href="Puzzle" title="Puzzle">puzzle</a> or recreational challenge to deobfuscate the code, a challenge often included in <a href="Crackme" title="Crackme">crackmes</a>. While obfuscation can be done manually, it is more commonly performed using <a href="Executable_compression" title="Executable compression">obfuscators</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div>

<p>The architecture and characteristics of some languages may make them easier to obfuscate than others.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a> <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are some examples of languages easy to obfuscate. <a href="Haskell_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haskell (programming language)">Haskell</a> is also quite obfuscatable<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite being quite different in structure.

</p><p>The properties that make a language obfuscatable are not immediately obvious.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Techniques">Techniques</h2></div>

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<p>Types of obfuscations include simple keyword substitution, use or non-use of whitespace to create artistic effects, and self-generating or heavily compressed programs.

</p><p>According to <a href="Nick_Montfort" title="Nick Montfort">Nick Montfort</a>, techniques may include:

</p>

<ol><li>naming obfuscation, which includes naming variables in a meaningless or deceptive way;</li>

<li>data/code/comment confusion, which includes making some actual code look like comments or confusing syntax with data;</li>

<li>double coding, which can be displaying code in poetry form or interesting shapes.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automated_tools">Automated tools</h3></div>

<p>A variety of tools exist to perform or assist with code obfuscation. These include experimental research tools developed by academics, hobbyist tools, commercial products written by professionals, and <a href="Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source software</a>. Additionally, deobfuscation tools exist, aiming to reverse the obfuscation process.

</p><p>While most commercial obfuscation solutions transform either program source code or platform-independent bytecode, <em>i.e.</em> portable code (as used by <a href="Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> and <a href=".NET" title=".NET">.NET</a>), some also work directly on compiled binaries.

</p>

<ul><li>Some <a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> examples can be found in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org/3/faq/programming.html#is-it-possible-to-write-obfuscated-one-liners-in-python">official Python programming FAQ</a> and elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>The <i>movfuscator</i> <a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> <a href="Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a> for the <a href="X86" title="X86">x86_32 ISA</a> uses only the <a href="X86_instruction_listings" title="X86 instruction listings"><i>mov</i></a> instruction in order to obfuscate.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recreational">Recreational</h3></div>

<p>Writing and reading obfuscated source code can be a <a href="Brain_teaser" title="Brain teaser">brain teaser</a>. A number of programming contests reward the most creatively obfuscated code, such as the <a href="International_Obfuscated_C_Code_Contest" title="International Obfuscated C Code Contest">International Obfuscated C Code Contest</a> and the <a href="Obfuscated_Perl_Contest" title="Obfuscated Perl Contest">Obfuscated Perl Contest</a>.

</p><p>Short obfuscated <a href="Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a> programs may be used in <a href="Signature_block" title="Signature block">signatures</a> of Perl programmers. These are JAPHs ("<a href="Just_another_Perl_hacker" class="mw-redirect" title="Just another Perl hacker">Just another Perl hacker</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cryptographic">Cryptographic</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Indistinguishability_obfuscation" title="Indistinguishability obfuscation">Indistinguishability obfuscation</a> and <a href="Black-box_obfuscation" title="Black-box obfuscation">Black-box obfuscation</a></div>

<p>Cryptographers have explored the idea of obfuscating code so that reverse-engineering the code is <i>cryptographically</i> hard. This is formalized in the many proposals for <a href="Indistinguishability_obfuscation" title="Indistinguishability obfuscation">indistinguishability obfuscation</a>, a cryptographic primitive that, if possible to build securely, would allow one to construct many other kinds of cryptography, including completely novel types that no one knows how to make. (A stronger notion, <a href="Black-box_obfuscation" title="Black-box obfuscation">black-box obfuscation</a>, is known to be impossible in general.)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disadvantages_of_obfuscation">Disadvantages of obfuscation</h2></div>

<ul><li>While obfuscation can make reading, writing, and reverse-engineering a program difficult and time-consuming, it will not necessarily make it impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>It adds time and complexity to the build process for the developers.</li>

<li>It can make debugging issues after the software has been obfuscated extremely difficult.</li>

<li>Once code is no longer maintained, hobbyists may want to maintain the program, add mods, or understand it better. Obfuscation makes it hard for end users to do useful things with the code.</li>

<li>Certain kinds of obfuscation (i.e. code that isn't just a local binary and downloads mini binaries from a web server as needed) can degrade performance and/or require Internet.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notifying_users_of_obfuscated_code">Notifying users of obfuscated code</h3></div>

<p>Some anti-virus softwares, such as <a href="AVG_AntiVirus" title="AVG AntiVirus">AVG AntiVirus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> will also alert their users when they land on a website with code that is manually obfuscated, as one of the purposes of obfuscation can be to hide malicious code. However, some developers may employ code obfuscation for the purpose of reducing file size or increasing security. The average user may not expect their antivirus software to provide alerts about an otherwise harmless piece of code, especially from trusted corporations, so such a feature may actually deter users from using legitimate software.

</p><p>Mozilla and Google disallow browser extensions containing obfuscated code in their add-ons store.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Obfuscation_and_copyleft_licenses">Obfuscation and copyleft licenses</h3></div>

<p>There has been debate on whether it is illegal to skirt <a href="Copyleft" title="Copyleft">copyleft</a> <a href="Software_license" title="Software license">software licenses</a> by releasing source code in obfuscated form, such as in cases in which the author is less willing to make the source code available. The issue is addressed in the <a href="GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> by requiring the "preferred form for making modifications" to be made available.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The GNU website states "Obfuscated 'source code' is not real source code and does not count as source code."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decompilers">Decompilers</h2></div>

<p>A <a href="Decompiler" title="Decompiler">decompiler</a> is a tool that can reverse-engineer source code from an executable or library. This process is sometimes referred to as a man-in-the-end (mite) attack, inspired by the traditional "<a href="Man-in-the-middle_attack" title="Man-in-the-middle attack">man-in-the-middle attack</a>" in cryptography. The decompiled source code is often hard to read, containing random function and variable names, incorrect variable types, and logic that differs from the original source code due to compiler optimizations.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Model_obfuscation">Model obfuscation</h2></div>

<p><b>Model obfuscation</b> is a technique to hide the internal structure of a <a href="Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> model.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Obfuscation turns a model into a black box. It is contrary to <a href="Explainable_AI" class="mw-redirect" title="Explainable AI">explainable AI</a>. Obfuscation models can also be applied to training data before feeding it into the model to add random noise. This hides sensitive information about the properties of individual and groups of samples.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<li><a href="Spaghetti_code" title="Spaghetti code">Spaghetti code</a></li>

<li><a href="Decompilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompilation">Decompilation</a></li>

<li><a href="Esoteric_programming_language" title="Esoteric programming language">Esoteric programming language</a></li>

<li><a href="Quine_(computing)" title="Quine (computing)">Quine</a></li>

<li><a href="Overlapping_instructions" class="mw-redirect" title="Overlapping instructions">Overlapping instructions</a></li>

<li><a href="Polymorphic_code" title="Polymorphic code">Polymorphic code</a></li>

<li><a href="Hardware_obfuscation" title="Hardware obfuscation">Hardware obfuscation</a></li>

<li><a href="Underhanded_C_Contest" title="Underhanded C Contest">Underhanded C Contest</a></li>

<li><a href="Source-to-source_compiler" title="Source-to-source compiler">Source-to-source compiler</a></li>

<li><a href="ProGuard_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="ProGuard (software)">ProGuard (Java Obfuscator)</a></li>

<li><a href="Dotfuscator" title="Dotfuscator">Dotfuscator (.Net Obfuscator)</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li>

<li><a href="Indistinguishability_obfuscation" title="Indistinguishability obfuscation">Indistinguishability obfuscation</a></li>

<li><a href="Source_code_beautification" class="mw-redirect" title="Source code beautification">Source code beautification</a></li></ul>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

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<ul><li>Seyyedhamzeh, Javad, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121227220116/http://www.csi.org.ir/paper?conf=30&author_name=&paper_name=&abstract=&page=14">ABCME: A Novel Metamorphic Engine</a>, 17th National Computer Conference, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, 2012.</li>

<li>B. Barak, O. Goldreich, R. Impagliazzo, S. Rudich, A. Sahai, S. Vadhan and K. Yang. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060109155736/http://math.ias.edu/~boaz/Papers/obfuscate.ps">"On the (Im)possibility of Obfuscating Programs"</a>. <i>21st Annual International Cryptology Conference</i>, Santa Barbara, California, USA. Springer Verlag LNCS Volume 2139, 2001.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMateasNick_Montfort" class="citation conference cs1">Mateas, Michael; Nick Montfort. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nickm.com/cis/a_box_darkly.pdf">"A Box, Darkly: Obfuscation, Weird Languages, and Code Aesthetics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the 6th Digital Arts and Culture Conference, IT University of Copenhagen, 1–3 December 2005</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">144–</span>153. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080623200755/http://nickm.com/cis/a_box_darkly.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on June 23, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ioccc.org/">The International Obfuscated C Code Contest</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050308231232/http://www.cs.arizona.edu/~collberg/Research/Students/DouglasLow/obfuscation.html">Protecting Java Code Via Code Obfuscation</a>, ACM Crossroads, Spring 1998 issue</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051124025132/http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~boaz/Papers/obf_informal.html">Can we obfuscate programs?</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yury.name/obfuscation.html">Yury Lifshits. Lecture Notes on Program Obfuscation (Spring'2005)</a></li>

<li><a href="https://wiki.c2.com/?BlackBoxComputation" class="extiw external" title="c2:BlackBoxComputation">c2:BlackBoxComputation</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Information_security92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Information_security" title="Information security">Information security</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Threat_(computer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Threat (computer)">Threats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adware" title="Adware">Adware</a></li>

<li><a href="Advanced_persistent_threat" title="Advanced persistent threat">Advanced persistent threat</a></li>

<li><a href="Arbitrary_code_execution" title="Arbitrary code execution">Arbitrary code execution</a></li>

<li><a href="Backdoor_(computing)" title="Backdoor (computing)">Backdoors</a></li>

<li>Bombs

<li><a href="Logic_bomb" title="Logic bomb">Logic</a></li>

<li><a href="Hardware_backdoor" title="Hardware backdoor">Hardware backdoors</a></li>

<li><a href="Code_injection" title="Code injection">Code injection</a></li>

<li><a href="Crimeware" title="Crimeware">Crimeware</a></li>

<li><a href="Cross-site_scripting" title="Cross-site scripting">Cross-site scripting</a></li>

<li><a href="Cross-site_leaks" title="Cross-site leaks">Cross-site leaks</a></li>

<li><a href="DOM_clobbering" title="DOM clobbering">DOM clobbering</a></li>

<li><a href="History_sniffing" title="History sniffing">History sniffing</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryptojacking" title="Cryptojacking">Cryptojacking</a></li>

<li><a href="Botnet" title="Botnet">Botnets</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_breach" title="Data breach">Data breach</a></li>

<li><a href="Drive-by_download" title="Drive-by download">Drive-by download</a></li>

<li><a href="Browser_Helper_Object" title="Browser Helper Object">Browser Helper Objects</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_virus" title="Computer virus">Viruses</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_scraping" title="Data scraping">Data scraping</a></li>

<li><a href="Denial-of-service_attack" title="Denial-of-service attack">Denial-of-service attack</a></li>

<li><a href="Eavesdropping" title="Eavesdropping">Eavesdropping</a></li>

<li><a href="Email_fraud" title="Email fraud">Email fraud</a></li>

<li><a href="Email_spoofing" title="Email spoofing">Email spoofing</a></li>

<li><a href="Exploit_(computer_security)" title="Exploit (computer security)">Exploits</a></li>

<li><a href="Dialer#Fraudulent_dialer" title="Dialer">Fraudulent dialers</a></li>

<li><a href="Hacktivism" title="Hacktivism">Hacktivism</a></li>

<li><a href="Infostealer" title="Infostealer">Infostealer</a></li>

<li><a href="Insecure_direct_object_reference" title="Insecure direct object reference">Insecure direct object reference</a></li>

<li><a href="Keystroke_logging" title="Keystroke logging">Keystroke loggers</a></li>

<li><a href="Malware" title="Malware">Malware</a></li>

<li><a href="Payload_(computing)" title="Payload (computing)">Payload</a></li>

<li><a href="Phishing" title="Phishing">Phishing</a>

<ul><li><a href="Voice_phishing" title="Voice phishing">Voice</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Polymorphic_engine" title="Polymorphic engine">Polymorphic engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Privilege_escalation" title="Privilege escalation">Privilege escalation</a></li>

<li><a href="Ransomware" title="Ransomware">Ransomware</a></li>

<li><a href="Rootkit" title="Rootkit">Rootkits</a></li>

<li><a href="Scareware" title="Scareware">Scareware</a></li>

<li><a href="Shellcode" title="Shellcode">Shellcode</a></li>

<li><a href="Spamming" title="Spamming">Spamming</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_engineering_(security)" title="Social engineering (security)">Social engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Spyware" title="Spyware">Spyware</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_bug" title="Software bug">Software bugs</a></li>

<li><a href="Trojan_horse_(computing)" title="Trojan horse (computing)">Trojan horses</a></li>

<li><a href="Hardware_Trojan" title="Hardware Trojan">Hardware Trojans</a></li>

<li><a href="Remote_access_trojan" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote access trojan">Remote access trojans</a></li>

<li><a href="Vulnerability_(computer_security)" title="Vulnerability (computer security)">Vulnerability</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_shell" title="Web shell">Web shells</a></li>

<li><a href="Wiper_(malware)" title="Wiper (malware)">Wiper</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_worm" title="Computer worm">Worms</a></li>

<li><a href="SQL_injection" title="SQL injection">SQL injection</a></li>

<li><a href="Rogue_security_software" title="Rogue security software">Rogue security software</a></li>

<li><a href="Zombie_(computing)" title="Zombie (computing)">Zombie</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defenses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Application_security" title="Application security">Application security</a>

<ul><li><a href="Secure_coding" title="Secure coding">Secure coding</a></li>

<li>Secure by default</li>

<li><a href="Secure_by_design" title="Secure by design">Secure by design</a>

<ul><li><a href="Misuse_case" title="Misuse case">Misuse case</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Computer_access_control" title="Computer access control">Computer access control</a>

<ul><li><a href="Authentication" title="Authentication">Authentication</a>

<ul><li><a href="Multi-factor_authentication" title="Multi-factor authentication">Multi-factor authentication</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Authorization" title="Authorization">Authorization</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Computer_security_software" title="Computer security software">Computer security software</a>

<ul><li><a href="Antivirus_software" title="Antivirus software">Antivirus software</a></li>

<li><a href="Security-focused_operating_system" title="Security-focused operating system">Security-focused operating system</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Data-centric_security" title="Data-centric security">Data-centric security</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_masking" title="Data masking">Data masking</a></li>

<li><a href="Encryption" title="Encryption">Encryption</a></li>

<li><a href="Firewall_(computing)" title="Firewall (computing)">Firewall</a></li>

<li><a href="Intrusion_detection_system" title="Intrusion detection system">Intrusion detection system</a>

<ul><li><a href="Host-based_intrusion_detection_system" title="Host-based intrusion detection system">Host-based intrusion detection system</a> (HIDS)</li>

<li><a href="Anomaly_detection" title="Anomaly detection">Anomaly detection</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Information_security_management" title="Information security management">Information security management</a>

<ul><li><a href="Information_risk_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Information risk management">Information risk management</a></li>

<li><a href="Security_information_and_event_management" title="Security information and event management">Security information and event management</a> (SIEM)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Runtime_application_self-protection" title="Runtime application self-protection">Runtime application self-protection</a></li>

<li><a href="Site_isolation" title="Site isolation">Site isolation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br>security<br>topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Computer_security" title="Computer security">Computer security</a></li>

<li><a href="Automotive_security" title="Automotive security">Automotive security</a></li>

<li><a href="Cybercrime" title="Cybercrime">Cybercrime</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_fraud" title="Computer fraud">Computer fraud</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cybergeddon" title="Cybergeddon">Cybergeddon</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyberterrorism" title="Cyberterrorism">Cyberterrorism</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_warfare" title="Electronic warfare">Electronic warfare</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information warfare</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_security" title="Internet security">Internet security</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_security" title="Mobile security">Mobile security</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_security" title="Network security">Network security</a></li>

<li><a href="Copy_protection" title="Copy protection">Copy protection</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-05-29" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Obfuscation_(software)&oldid=1292942364">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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